
Exclusive interview / Dr. Anton Titov MD and Professor Dr. Francesca Cordeiro, leading retinal disease, glaucoma, neurodegeneration, macular degeneration, retinal detachment and early Alzheimer's diagnosis eye test expert.
- Well, as you say, the eyes are the window into the brain, and it's clear that diagnosing Alzheimer's disease reasonably early would make a very big difference, and you developed a particular eye test, which can be used to potentially pinpoint people at higher risk of Alzheimer's or in subclinical state of Alzheimer's, up to 20 years before the clinical manifestations of dementia develop. Could you please talk a little bit more s about the eye test that you developed?
- Sure, so this is the DARC technology, Detection of Apoptosing Retinal Cells and it relies on the fact that you get cell death in the retina mimicking what's going on in the brain. So, at the moment we haven't done patients with Alzheimer's disease, but our Phase 2 trial, which is starting here, in fact, next month, does contain a group of patients who are at high risk of Alzheimer's and they will be having this test. So, these patients, interestingly, have Down's syndrome and in Down's syndrome, you know, you have an extra chromosome. What's believed to happen is, as Down's patients are living longer, it is known that they have a lot of beta amyloid, protein that is implicated in the plaques in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. They over-express this beta amyloid, and so there's a very high rate of dementia in Down's patients. So, what we are going to be doing is looking at this sample of patients and using DARC. So, DARC basically it involves an injection into the arm and then taking photographs, very similar to the sort of machines that you see being used to examine your eye when you go to optometrists and opticians. So, the importance of that is these are fairly cheap machines, when you compare it to an MRI or a PET scanner. But they allow you to pick up abnormality, because the dye that is injected into your arm, is a fluorescent dye that identifies those cells that are dying through apoptosis. So, we do know that from all our experimental data or the literature that apoptosis in itself is very important in Alzheimer's and in Parkinson's. And what we believe is that you see apoptosis as an early stage before you develop the full blown disease, obviously you need to prove this, and we will be doing that at the clinical trials going forward. But certainly, when go to our transgenic experimental [mouse] models there is very good evidence that this is a very early event, which mimics almost the changes you see in the synapses of the brain. At the same times you see a change in synapses in the brain, you're seeing apoptosis in the retina.
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