
Exclusive interview / Dr. Anton Titov MD and Professor Dr. Jack Cuzick, world's leading cancer prevention expert, breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer prevention
You are one of the world's foremost experts on cancer prevention. So, how does one prevent cancer? What can one do to minimize and decrease the risks of developing cancer during lifetime? It's an interesting question, I mean we know very clearly that the single most important cause of cancer that we can avoid is tobacco use. And there have been dramatic improvements in the developed world in terms of reduction of cigarette smoking, which is shown dramatic reductions in lung cancer incidence. So that's got to be a bedstone of any cancer prevention, smoking, we know, is a major cause of cancer. The other things, for which we don't have quite such clear evidence, but there are clear benefits for a range of other things:avoiding obesity andremaining physically active. There's clear evidence that obesity is associated with cancer, and there's really quite clear evidence that physically active people get less cancer than those that don't [exercise]. So those things we can be pretty certain they're important. How to actually change a person's lifestyle is major area [of concern]. I think we've been very unsuccessful in terms of avoiding the obesity epidemic, and that's a major public health challenge. Some of the activities going on here at the Wolfson Institute are really trying to control the amount of sugar that we allow into our diet. Sugar is a major cause of obesity and disease, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. So we really do need to do more in terms of controlling intake of sugar. I think that's a recent problem, which we do need to find ways to control. Keeping physically active is good for a range of things, only one of which is cancer. But basically if you keep physically active, you feel better, cardiovascular diseases is also reduced. So I think that's useful. Screening is important, we know that screening works, there is very clear evidence that screening for cervix cancer, for breast cancer, for colorectal cancers is important. Prostate cancer screening is a challenge, it probably does prevent disease, but we have this major challenge of over-treatment, which has led many people, including myself, to say we are probably not ready to do this routinely until we get a better understanding of how to manage early lesions. So those are probably the major areas. The other major one, of course, which we are not doing very much about is Aspirin. A 10% reduction of all cancer incidence and mortality would be a huge step forward, and we do appear to have the means to do that. So that's I think one of our challenges for the near future as well - is for things that we do know work - to make them work. In terms of diet, I think we're still a long way from any clear understanding, we know that overeating and becoming obese is a bad idea, but all of these ideas about specific aspects of diet not really played out in terms of reducing cancer. There's a belief that vitamin A and beta-carotene were going to be preventive, so large trials were done in people at high risk of lung cancer because of smoking. Vitamin A had no benefit, in fact, it was a slightly harmful effect.
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